镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区水域生态修复效果的监测与评价

自2006年以来,长江豚类极度濒危的生存状况得到广泛关注,在其自然保护区实施一系列生态修复工程,为镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区内的江豚提供良好的生存环境。于2015—2018年在和畅洲水域建设生态浮岛、人工鱼巢和放流底栖动物进行水域生态修复,对生态修复工程进行跟踪监测和效果评价。结果表明：生态浮岛的建设可提高区域内浮游植物和浮游动物的生物多样性和群落结构复杂程度;人工鱼巢对产黏性卵鱼类具有一定增殖效果,增殖种类主要为鲤、鲫、䱗和黄尾鲴;生态浮岛和人工鱼巢的建设对鱼类均有较好的聚集效果;底栖动物增殖放流显著增加了放流物种的丰度、生物量及保护区底栖动物群落生物量,增殖放流效果评价为中等。该自然保护区水域生态修复效果明显,为工程施工影响下水生生物保护区生态修复提供科学依据。     

Impact of urban park’s tree,grass and waterbody on microclimate in hot summer days: A case study of Olympic Park in Beijing,China

Urban heat island (UHI) often cause negative impact and has been linked to heart stroke rate, morality, human comfort, energy consumption and air pollution. Fortunately, urban green spaces have been considered as an effective element to mitigate UHI through their cooling effect. However, further empirical research is necessary in order to efficiently guide the design and planning of urban green space. We observed the impacts of urban park's tree, grass and waterbody on microclimate inside the Olympic park of Beijing during summer days. The results indicated that, on average, the park was 0.48–1.12 °C cooler during the day, as well as increased air humidity 2.39–3.74% and reduced human comfort index 1.02–2.43 to generate more comfortable thermal environment. Urban park's cluster trees with short ground vegetation generated higher cooling effect than single trees, grass and waterbodies; proper irrigation regime enhanced the cooling effect of grasses, even the irrigated grass have similar cooling effect with small waterbody on sunny, windless summer days. Therefore, we advise to increase undergrowth coverage and grass irrigation management in order to take advantage of cooling effect of urban parks.     

舟山海岛松材线虫病疫区迹地晚稻杨梅更新技术

在定海区岑港镇烟墩椗次何家山松材线虫病为害迹地上,试用晚稻杨梅进行树种更替,5年生幼林株高普遍在2m以上,冠幅2m×2m左右,最大植株树高达3m,冠幅2.7m×2.7m,幼林生长正常,试验初见成效.     

Do plant clumps constitute microbial hotspots in semiarid Mediterranean patchy landscapes?

Three semiarid Mediterranean patchy landscapes were investigated to test the existence of a microsite effect (i.e. plant canopy vs. inter-canopy) on soil microbial communities. Surface soil samples were independently taken from both microsites under naturally changing conditions of humidity and temperature through the year. In gypsiferous soils covered with a shrub steppe, improved physical and chemical soil properties were registered underneath the plant canopy, where the densest and most active microbial communities were also detected (e.g. microbial biomass C averaged 531 and 202 mg kg⁻¹ in canopy and inter-canopy areas, respectively). In calcareous perennial tussock grasslands, either growing on soils over limestones or alluvial deposits, the microsite effect was not so marked. Soil humidity, temperature and total organic C were homogeneously distributed over the landscape conditioning their uniform microbial activity under field moisture conditions (ATP content averaged 853 and 885 nmol kg⁻¹ in canopy and intercanopy areas, respectively). However, readily mineralizable C and microbial biomass C were preferentially accumulated in soils underneath the tussocks determining their larger potential microbial activity (e.g. C hydrolysis capacity under optimal conditions). In conclusion, plant clumps either functioned as microbial hotspots where enhanced microbially driven ecosystem processes took place or as microbial banks capable of undergoing a burst of activity under favourable climatic conditions. Our results provide experimental evidence of a non-patchy distribution of certain soil microbial properties in semi-arid Mediterranean patchy ecosystems.     

Soil microbial community characteristics along an elevation gradient in the Laguna Mountains of Southern California

We sampled soil at four sites in the Laguna Mountains in the western Sonoran Desert to test the effects of site and sample location (between or beneath plants) on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and carbon substrate ulilization (Biolog) profiles. The four sites differed in elevation, soil type, plant community composition, and plant percent cover. Soil pH decreased and plant density increased with elevation. Fertile islands, defined as areas beneath plants with greater soil resources than bare areas, are present at all sites, but are most pronounced at lower elevations. Consistent with this pattern, fertile islands had the greatest influence on FAME and Biolog profiles at lower elevations. Based on the use of FAME biomarker and principal components analyses, we found that soil microbial communities between plants at the lowest elevation had proportionally more Gram-negative bacteria than all other soils. At the higher elevation sites there were few differences in FAME profiles of soils sampled between vs. beneath plants. Differences in FAME profiles under plants among the four sites were small, suggesting that the plant influence per se is more important than plant type in controlling FAME profiles. Since microbial biomass carbon was correlated with FAME number (r=0.85,P<0.0001) and with FAME named (r=0.88,P<0.0001) and total areas (r=0.84,P<0.0001), we standardized the FAME data to ensure that differences in FAME profiles among samples were not the result of differences in microbial biomass. Differences in microbial substrate utilization profiles among sampling locations were greatest between samples taken under vs. between plants at the two lower elevation sites. Microbial substrate utilization profiles, therefore, also seem to be influenced more by the presence of plants than by specific plant type.     

“场所精神”在洱源西湖国家湿地公园南片区设计理念中的应用

场所精神是规划设计的灵魂。在洱源西湖国家湿地公园规划项目中，从分析“烟渚渔村”场地肌理入手，提出“幸福就在拐弯处”这一体现人本主义价值观的设计理念，并依据“渚岛”式大园林景观规划结构，构建了“一轴（生态旅游带）、七区（7个功能片区）的空间结构形态，建立了“岛与岛一水与岛一水与水一水与建筑”之间的相互交错的拓朴关系形态，探讨了各“渚岛”不同的情景规划设计的可能性。     

新区背景下舟山捕捞渔业转型升级战略研究

2011年6月30日国务院批复设立浙江舟山群岛新区后,舟山捕捞渔业如何实现新的更好的发展,发挥好在新区建设中的独特优势和作用,继续为全国海洋渔业发展做出开创性贡献,成为新的历史时期的重大而现实课题。本文从舟山捕捞渔业一个时期以来的发展变化入手,分析了在群岛新区建设背景下推进捕捞渔业转型升级的背景和意义,并提出了实施捕捞渔船现代化、捕捞渔业集群化、捕捞渔业多样化、捕捞渔业低碳化、捕捞渔业法人化、捕捞渔业品质化、捕捞渔业综合化等"七化"工程为载体的舟山捕捞渔业转型升级工作重点。     

南海诸岛海域渔业捕捞现状及发展建议

本文提出了南海诸岛海域渔业发展在南海渔业资源可持续利用和中国南海海洋权益维护中的重要性,初步阐述了南海诸岛海域渔业开发现状,分析了制约该渔业发展的主要因素,并提出开发南海诸岛海域渔业资源的对策和建议。     

Surfers of the ocean waves: Change management,intersectoral migration and the economic development of small island states

This paper argues that there is a need to better acknowledge and problematise the manner in which individuals, households, organisations and governments in small island jurisdictions develop mechanisms that allow them to exploit the benefits, and/or minimise the losses, of episodic economic lurches. A ‘strategic flexibility’ approach is proposed to explain how actors practise intersectoral migration: cleverly shifting focus, interest and scope, not just out of necessity (reactively) but in ‘smelling’ promising opportunities (proactively). In a scenario where change is taken as a given, managing and coping with such change become the hallmarks of economic survival: just like surfers handling the ocean swell.     

建设国际旅游岛背景下农村集体建设用地参与旅游项目开发的法律思考

解析了建设国际旅游岛背景下,海南农村集体建设用地参与旅游项目的两个政策,指出其中存在的农村集体建设用地参与旅游项目的条件、程度、方式不明确等问题,并找到相应的解决方法。